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Timeline of reproductive rights legislation, a chronological list of laws and legal decisions affecting human reproductive rights. Reproductive rights are a sub-set of human rights pertaining to issues of reproduction and reproductive health. These rights may include some or all of the following: the right to legal or safe abortion, the right to birth control, the right to access quality reproductive healthcare, and the right to education and access in order to make reproductive choices free from coercion, discrimination, and violence.〔 Reproductive rights may also include the right to receive education about contraception and sexually transmitted infections, and freedom from coerced sterilization, abortion, and contraception, and protection from gender-based practices such as female genital cutting (FGC) and male genital mutilation (MGM).〔〔〔(Template )〕 == 17th century to 19th century== * End of 16th century - Sir Edward Coke formulates the "born alive rule", in common law, which holds that various criminal laws, such as homicide and assault, apply only to a child that is "born alive". * 1765 – Post-quickening abortion is no longer considered homicide in England, but William Blackstone confirms the "born alive rule" and calls it "a very heinous misdemeanor".〔William Blackstone, (Commentaries ), 1:120--41 (1765).〕 * 1778 – In Sweden, the first Infanticide Act granted mothers the right and the means for an anonymous birth. * 1793 – In France, Article 326 of the Code Civil legalized both anonymous and confidential births. * 1803 – United Kingdom enacts ''Lord Ellenborough's Act'', making abortion after quickening a capital crime, and providing lesser penalties for the felony of abortion before quickening.〔(Lord Ellenborough’s Act )." (1998). ''The Abortion Law Homepage.'' Retrieved February 20, 2007.〕 * 1842 – The Shogunate in Japan bans induced abortion in Edo. The law does not affect the rest of the country.〔(Status of abortion in Japan ). (1967). ''IPPF Medical Bulletin, 1(6):3.'' Retrieved April 12, 2006.〕 * 1856 – In Sweden, an amendment to the 1778 Infanticide Act restricts the right to give birth anonymously to a mere confidential birth. * 1861 – The Parliament of the United Kingdom passes the Offences against the Person Act 1861 which outlaws abortion. * 1869 – Pope Pius IX declared that abortion under any circumstance was gravely immoral (mortal sin), and, that anyone who participated in an abortion in any material way had by virtue of that act excommunicated themselves (latae sententiae) from the Church.〔(Sixtus )〕 * 1869 - The Parliament of Canada unifies criminal law in all provinces, banning abortion.〔 * 1873 – The passage of the Comstock Act in the United States makes it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious" materials through the mail, including contraceptive devices and information on contraception or abortion and how to obtain them. (see also advertisement of abortion services). * 1820–1900 – Primarily through the efforts of physicians in the American Medical Association and legislators, most abortions in the U.S. were outlawed. * 1850–1920 – During the fight for women's suffrage in the U.S., some notable first-wave feminists, such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Mary Wollstonecraft, opposed abortion.〔O'Beirne, Kate. (2005, January 8). "(America's Earliest Feminists Opposed Abortion )." ''Chicago Sun-Times.'' Retrieved March 16, 2006.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Timeline of reproductive rights legislation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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